Reflections

Eurae Gabriel Pecarana

I have learned a lot in this grading. With the tests done and the christmas vacation upcoming I am really glad that I got to learn a lot about the explorers of europe and the history of exploration and also all about scientific, enlightenment and industrial periods. The topics that I have learned will really be in my mind for a long time for it is a great help to my intellect. I have made a lot of understandings in these knowledgeable topics. Things like freedom, rights, machines, treaties and more, knowing these were really a boost to my intellectual quotient in history and in life. I thank my classmates and especially Sir Rhey Mark H. Diaz for helping me and teaching me a lot throughout this grading and I thank people like the wright brothers , john locke , voltaire , copernicus, newton and a lot more for the discoveries and explorations they have made about our lives. In this I end my reflection and leaving with "I have really learned a lot, thank you".

Julia Ruth Chua

As a student, it’s my responsibility to fulfil the needs of me being a student by doing the assigned task, listen to the teacher and even be more responsible in life. This third grading, I did learn a lot of things. Starting from the bottom, from the Renaissance Period. Those painters like Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Rafael and so on. I witnessed now how the Christians were before, How the Protestantism arises and made by Martin Luther that divide the Christian world. I also did learn and saw how the nations grew and became a powerful nation like England, Russia, and Spain and so on. How they faced the conflicts in order to be a one whole state or nation. I did also have learned about how the exploration started, which was started mainly by the Portuguese. How the Spain and Portugal divide the world for their exploration and how Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the world. How Spain, Portugal, England, France and Netherlands started to colonize other countries. How the Scientific revolution happened, wherein people are starting to question Aristotle’s belief and discoveries that were already been made. How the Enlightenment Period widened up the minds of the people to fight for their own freedom. How inventions were made during Industrial Revolution and technologies starting to improve. How French started to revolt from their government because of the influence of the Enlightenment period. How the Americans also revolt from their government which was ruled by British that time. How the Latin Americans gained their independence from the European colonizers. How Napoleon Bonaparte arise the France that time and made it powerful. To sum it all up, I have learn a lot of knowledge this grading particularly European History.

Zenia Merquita

What I learned is the protestant reformation was the 16^th century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheal that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Marthin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic’s ability to define Christian practice. They acquired for religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet- reading pastors and princes. The disruption trigged wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church’s delayed but forceful response to the Protestants. The rise of the European nation-state, Most people lived in small villages; they paid tithes to feudal landlords, didn’t travel, and cared little for anything beyond the village. Henry VII wins the war of the roses in England, begins the Tudor dynasty, and starts the development of the English nation-state. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabelle finish taking balk all of Spain from the Muslims; the era Spain as a global power begins. Ivan the terrible rules Russia; he unifies the government and creates the first Russian nation-state. Louise XIV of France creates an absolute monarchy; France emerges as the dominant power in Europe. The French revolution begins; it creates the modern French nation- states and sparks the nationalism around Europe. European countries began exploring and seeking to dominate the rest of the world during the 15^th centuries, thanks to their ability to control sea routes and to discovery of the American continent. In the 19^th century, energized by the industrial revolution and under pressure from a rapidly growing population.  New areas for the settler desire to “civilize the barbarian nation”. I also learned all about the enlightenment period, its purpose was to reform society using reason, to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through the scientific method. It promoted scientific thought, skepticism, and intellectual interchange. The enlightenment was a revolution in human thought. Notable philosophers included Voltaire, the Baron de Montesquieu and Rossue. Scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. Galileo Galilei was the most successful scientist of the scientific revolution, He studied physics, specially he laws of the gravity and motion and invented the telescope and microscope. Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18^th century to 19^th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrialization marked a shift to pwered, special purpose machinery, factories and mass production, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.

Kim Soo Hyun

This 3^rd grading period, I’ve learned a lot of things. It helps me a lot and answers all my curiosity about the world history. First, I learned about the growth of nations on how they become powerful that time. Those painters during Renaissance Period, why did the other Christians fight against the church and why did the Protestantism was made. I do also learn some inventors during the Industrial Period, philosophers during the Enlightenment Period and Scientist during Scientific revolution. I learn also about the French revolution and why did they revolt. I learn also about the American Revolution and the Latin- American revolution. Why did the revolt against British, what did trigger the Americans to revolt against the British? Honestly, I learn many things this grading.

Timeline of American Revolution

1765-1766 – The Stamp Act: a British attempt to cover the costs of the 7 Years War (French and Indian War) and the stationing of troops in America led to the cry, "No taxation without representation."

1767 – The Townshend Act: a series of taxes to replace the Stamp Act.

1770 – The Boston Massacre: only 6 people were killed in the "massacre," but colonists milked it for all the anti-British sentiment they could.

1773 – Boston Tea Party:  a group of about 70 men boarded on three British ships in the Boston harbor and threw their tea cargo in the sea. The destruction of the tea cargo was a protest against the Tea Act which was passed by the British Parliament earlier that year and gave the British East India Company monopoly on tea sale in the colonies.

1774 – The Intolerable Act: In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British Parliament passed a series of laws that came to be known as Intolerable Acts or Coercive Acts. These closed the Boston harbor for all shipping until the city would pay for the destroyed tea cargo, limited political authority of the colonists, made legal persecution of British officials more difficult and extended the boundaries of the Quebec province to the lands claimed by the American colonists.

1774 – First Continental Congress: On September 5, 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met at the First Continental Congress to discuss how to react to the Intolerable Acts.

1775 - Battles of Lexington and Concord: On the evening of April 18, 1775, the British governor of Massachusetts sent several hundred British troops to seize the colonists’ military stores at Concord. This time, the British were defeated and forced to withdraw to Boston.

1776 – Adaptation of the declaration of Independence: On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence which formally proclaimed the 13 colonies as independent.

1777 – The Battles of Saratoga: marked the turning point of the American Revolution and encouraged France to openly support the Americans against Britain.

1781 – The Battle of Yorktown: After successful land and sea campaign of joint American and French armies in Virginia in 1781, the British found themselves trapped on the Yorktown peninsula and the British finally surrendered Yorktown.

1783 – Signature of the Treaty of Paris: The American War of Independence and with it, the American Revolution formally ended with the Treaty of Paris which was signed on September 3, 1783.

Source: http://historylists.org/events/10-key-events-of-the-american-revolution.html

http://www.revolutionary-war.net/revolutionary-war-timeline.html

Timeline of the French Revolution

1789 – Call of the Estates General: King Louis XVI calls forth the Estates General together for the first time in a long time, featuring the clergy, the noblemen, and the rest of France together.

1789 – The Fall of the Bastille: Angry revolutionaries storm the Bastille. By doing this, not only does it serve to make a statement against the monarchy but the mob also attained weapons and gunpowder that were kept in the prison.

1789 – March on Versailles: Parisian market women lead a march on Versailles to protest about scarcity and high price of bread.

1791 – Royal Family attempts to Flee: King Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee from France but are caught at Verannes. They are sent back to Paris where the King is forced to go on trial.

1791 – Dissolution of the national Assembly: France was proclaimed a constitutional monarchy, while the National Assembly was dissolved and replaced by a new political body named the Legislative Assembly. 

1793 – Execution of the King: After being put on trial the king is sentenced to death. He is executed by the guillotine on January 21, 1793.

1793-1794 – Reign of Terror: Thousands of people are sentenced to death by execution that is caused by conflict between two political parties the Jacobins, and the Girondins. The leader of the Jacobins, Maximilien arises as a new leader of the Revolution.

1794 – Execution of Robespierre: Maximilien Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins, is executed and the power of the Jacobins fall with him. The Girondins gain more power as a result.

1795-1814 – reign of Napoleon Bonaparte: Napoleon Bonaparte was an important French military leader who created an empire that stretched across almost all of Europe in the early 1800s. He was a very smart military commander and his methods for fighting wars are still studied today. Eventually, he became Emperor of France, but later he was forced to leave France and live out the rest of his life on an island in the South Atlantic.

Source: http://historylists.org/events/list-of-10-major-events-of-the-french-revolution.html

Inventors during Industrial Revolution

Nikola Tesla
1856 – 1943
Place of Birth: Smiljan, Croatia

Biography:

He was inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices. His patented AC induction motor and transformer were licensed by George Westinghouse, who also hired Tesla for a short time as a consultant. His work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current "War of Currents" as well as various patent battles.Tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs, and made early (1893) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. He tried to put these ideas to practical use in his ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission, which was his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.In his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a wireless controlled boat, one of the first ever exhibited.

Invention/s:

·         Fluorescent lighting is used in safe lighting either in houses or vehicles in nowadays.
Radio - he was just credited though. this invention is used for people to be aware in their society and know news about their locality.

·         Tesla Coils are used in other inventions which\that needs electricity.

Alexander Graham Bell
1847 – 1922
Place of Birth: Edinburgh, Scotland

Biography:

Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work.His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876. Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study. Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunication hydrofoil sand aeronautics. In 1888, Bell became one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society.

Invention/s:

·         Telephone - It is really important before and even nowadays for we use it to communicate with our friends, family and our other love ones.

                                                                                                                                                                         

James Watt
1736 - 1819
Place of Birth: Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland

Biography:

James Watt was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist whose Watt steam engine, was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. Eventually he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water.

Invention/s:

·         Steam Engine - Used to give off electricity or power in a particular machine/s. In modern times, these engines were used not only in factories and other machines but also in vehicles nowadays. This invention is a really great contribution during Industrial Period even until now.

 

Samuel F. B. Morse 

1791–1872

Place of Birth: Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Biography:

Samuel Finley Breese Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, on April 27, 1791. He was the first son of Jedidiah Morse, a clergyman, and Elizabeth Breese, of New Jersey. "Finley," as his parents called him, was the son quickest to change moods while his other two brothers, Sidney and Richard, were less temperamental. His brothers helped him out many times in his adult years. The Morses' commitment to education had Samuel in Phillips Academy by the age of seven. Though not a star student, his drawing skills were good. Both his teachers' and his parents' encouragement led to Samuel's success with miniature portraits on ivory. Samuel graduated from Yale College in 1810. He wished to pursue a career in art, but his father was opposed to this. Samuel took a job as a clerk in a Charlestown bookstore. During this time he continued to paint. His father reversed his decision and in 1811 allowed Morse to travel to England to pursue art. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Mo-Ni/Morse-Samuel-F-B.html#ixzz3uOWv9jes

Invention/s:

Telegraph - a system for transmitting messages from a distance along a wire, especially one creating signals by making and breaking an electrical connection.

Orville and Wilbur Wright

1867-1912, 1871-1948

Place of Birth:

Biography:

Born four years apart, brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright grew up in a small town in Ohio. They shared an intellectual curiosity and an aptitude for science, at a time when the possibility of human flight was beginning to look like a reality. Together, the Wright brothers developed the first successful airplane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina—and together they became national heroes. Considered the fathers of modern aviation, they developed innovative technology and inspired imaginations around the world. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers

Invention/s:

Airplane is a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it displaces.

Robert Fulton

1765-1815

Place of Birth: Little Britain Township, Pennsylvania, United States

Biography:

American engineer and inventor Robert Fulton is best know for developing the first successful commercial steamboat, the North River Steamboat (later known as the Clermont) which carried passengers between New York City and Albany, New York. Fulton also designed the world's first steam warship. He also designed the "Nautilus," the first practical submarine in history, which was built in 1800. http://www.biography.com/people/robert-fulton-9304012#synopsis

Invention/s:

Steam boat and the world’s first steam warship

Jethro Tull

1674-1741

Place of Birth: Basildon, Berkshire

Biography:

Tull was born in Basildon, Berkshire, to Jethro Tull, Sr and his wife Dorothy, née Buckeridge or Buckridge. He was baptised there on 30 March 1674. He grew up in Bradfield, Berkshire and matriculated at St John's College, Oxfordat the age of 17. He was educated for the legal profession, but appears not to have taken a degree. He became a member of Staple Inn, and was called to the bar on 11 December 1693, by the benchers of Gray's Inn.^]Tull married Susanna Smith of Burton Dassett, Warwickshire. They settled on his father's farm at Howberry, near Crowmarsh Gifford, where they had a son and two daughters. At a later period, (1730–1740) Jethro Tull devoted all his energies to promote the introduction of this machine, "more especially as it admitted the use of the hoe. Tull died in 1741 at Prosperous Farm at Hungerford. He is buried in the churchyard of St Bartholomew's Church, Lower Basildon, Berkshire, near his birthplace. His gravestone bears the burial date 9 March 1740 using the Old Style calendar, which is equivalent to the modern date 20 March 1740.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(agriculturist)

Invention/s:

·         Sead drill - is a sowing device that positionsseeds in the soil and then covers them. Theseed drill sows the seeds at equal distances and proper depth.

Thomas Savery

1650-1715

Place of Birth: Modbury, United Kingdom

Biography:

Thomas Savery (c. 1650–1715) was an English inventor and engineer, born at Shilstone, a manor house near Modbury, Devon, England. He is famous for his invention of the first commercially used steam powered engine.

Fire Engine Act: Savery's original patent of July 1698 gave 14 years' protection; the next year, 1699, an Act of Parliament was passed which extended his protection for a further 21 years. This Act became known as the "Fire Engine Act". Savery's patent covered all engines that raised water by fire, and it thus played an important role in shaping the early development of steam machinery in the British Isles. Application of the engine: A few Savery engines were tried in mines, an unsuccessful attempt being made to use one to clear water from a pool called Broad Waters in Wednesbury (then in Staffordshire) and nearby coal mines. This had been covered by a sudden eruption of water some years before. However the engine could not be 'brought to answer'. The quantity of steam raised was so great as 'rent the whole machine to pieces'. The engine was laid aside, and the scheme for raising water was dropped as impracticable. This may have been in about 1705.

Invention/s:

·         Steam Powered Engine - an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

Cyrus McCormik

1809-1884

Place of Birth:

Biography:

Cyrus Hall McCormick (February 15, 1809 – May 13, 1884) was an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902.^[2] From the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia, he and many members of his family became prominent residents of Chicago.

Although McCormick is credited as the "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, he based his work on that of many others, including Roman, Scottish and American men, more than two decades of work by his father, and the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family. Cyrus McCormick filed patents for the invention, and his achievements were chiefly in the development of a company, marketing and sales force to market his products.

Invention/s:

·         Mechanical reaper - which made the harvesting of grain more efficient and faster. This helped farmers have more time to devote to other chores.

George Westinghouse

1846-1914

Place of Birth: Central Bridge, New York

Biography:

George Westinghouse, Jr. (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914) was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry, gaining his first patent at the age of 22. Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for much of his career, Westinghouse was one of Thomas Edison's main rivals in the early implementation of the American electricity system. Westinghouse's electricity distribution system, based on alternating current, ultimately prevailed over Edison's insistence on direct current. In 1911 Westinghouse received the AIEE's Edison Medal "For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system

Invention/s:

·         Railway Air Brake - is a railway brake power braking system with compressed air as the operating medium. Modern trains rely upon a fail-safe air brake system that is based upon a design patented by George Westinghouse on March 5, 1868.